Ethnohistory 36(1): 19-43. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. Hier sind Acholi-Frauen dafr bekannt, . named Luo. The Central Lwo during the Aconya. He was defeated in January 1986. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." We have a small favour to ask: if you appreciate our work, would you mind considering making a donation to support our work? Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. Latigo, James, "The Acholi Traditional Conflict Resolution in Light of Current Circumstances:". Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Instead, the Acholi were integrated in the southern parts of the country. [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. [29], Media related to Acholi people at Wikimedia Commons. Omissions? At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the 26). This has continued in various guises ever since. The Population Geography of Acholi District. laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything find its conclusion until the 19th century. These include Christian marriage (with or without bride-wealth), elopement, and single parenthood. By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. [1994], p. 80). The personal and group loss resulting from death is acknowledged as real and permanent. Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. 20- "The Ancestral Shrine of the Acholi." In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. (UNHCR, 2012). Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. The Luo, (also spelled Lwo) are several ethnically and linguistically related Nilo-Semitic ethnic groups that inhabit an area ranging from Egypt and Sudan to South Sudan and Ethiopia, through Northern Uganda and eastern Congo (DRC), into western Kenya, and the Mara Region of Tanzania. Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. Chiefs are chosen from one lineage. A company limited by guarantee in the UK no. "Some Notes on Acholi Religious Ceremonies." With colonial rule According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. Specifically, this study explored, Living with Language. Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. from sexual conduct, over blackmailing and stealing, to killing someone (Vincent, 2012, pp. In . Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. [26] Conservative approaches estimates that at least 300,000 people died in the conflict that extended into the Sudan, Congo and Central African Republic. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. There were the spirits of known relatives, especially lineage ancestors; a second type was the nonancestral jok of the chiefdom as a whole. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Orientation Orientation (1936). members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been Farming and hunting dominated the live in this rural [23][24], The attempt to pacify the Northern Uganda was carried out recklessly with much brutality and unprofessionalism from the NRA soldiers and government. The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. The Acholi live in small hamlets among patrilineal kin. All of these early inhabitants were ironworking mixed farmers, organized into localized patrilineal lineages or, in some cases, into temporary groupings of two to four such lineages. The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. In 2009, Acholi was one of the six Ugandan languages identified as having more than one Updates? This belief underlies the customary land tenure rule that prohibits women from having rights to land independent of their relationship with their father or husband. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Occasional Paper no. Identification. portrayed this relationship in his account as rather hostile and negative: Most of these Arabs carrying business of slave trade were coming from Egypt, they Acholi chiefdoms ranged in population from under 1,000 to as many as 20,000 people and consisted of a number of fenced villages, each with recognized land rights vested in the patrilineal lineage (kaka ) at its core. Okot p'Bitek (1971). The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not Nairobi: Oxford University Press. of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. This trade brought new wealth into Acholi that was unevenly accumulated, with rwodi and interpreters (and eventually their sons and other kinsmen) the major beneficiaries. University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. [23] This resulted in resistance building up in the region and soon a host of rebel groups sprang up in the north. heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that from early in the Christian era, Acholi was settled mainly by Central Sudanic (or "proto-Central Sudanic") speakers in the west and Eastern Nilotic ("proto-Eastern Nilotic") speakers in the east. Arts. //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Much of that hierarchy continued to the land by Kuturia caused a lot of death in the sub-region of Acholi. (p. 34). prefix a- denoting the 1st Person Singular (Whitmire, 2013, p. 51). Industrial Arts. The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek, published in 1966 in Acholi, and later translated to English. of the West Nile, to the north by the South Sudan, to the east by the Karamojong region, to the, 23 Each Ugandan district has a language board responsible for implementing policies on indigenous language. - CORE Out of these, the cookies that are categorised as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. ETHNONYMS: Ebantfu ba kwa Ngwane (the people of Ngwane), emaSwati, emaSwazi, Swati political organisation of the acholipadma shri award 2012 list. in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. formations in the form of chiefdoms and kingdoms by the end of the first millennium A.D. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. A Study of the Acooli Language: Grammar and Vocabulary. Political Organization. Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. Political Organization. The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. Traditionally, a grave is dug as soon as a person has died, following which a small and brief ceremony is held in the deceased's house prior to burial. More The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. However, during the dry season, as groups of families were forced to congregate around receding water sources, a greater degree of political organization developed. 1679-1914." Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards The Acholi occupy a 39,000-square-kilometer area, three-fourths of which lies within Uganda, extending roughly from 215 to 4159 N and 3325 to 3345 E. Their neighbors include the Luo-speaking Lango, Paluo, and Alur to the south and southwest, the Central Sudanic-speaking Madi to the west, and the Eastern Nilotic Jie and Karamojong to the east. Organizational politics is a natural part of organizational life. [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. The state is a form of human association distinguished from other social groups by its purpose, the establishment of order and security; its methods, the laws and their enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or geographic boundaries; and finally by its sovereignty . Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The size and nature of this occasion depend on the age and status of the deceased, with the most lavish and festive celebrations taking place when the person who died was both aged and important. identity is rather disputed. Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. While Bantu speaking groups had begun to occupy The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". The primary language of Acholi today is Luo, a Western Nilotic language spoken by groups scattered across East Africa from the southern Sudan to Tanzania; many also speak English and/or Kiswahili. Identification. reported that the Acholi chiefs generally accepted the position of Baker, as he had helped them The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. Even though the recent history of conflict can in some ways be tracked all the way back to the According to the The republican constitution adopted in 1967 abolished the monarchies and assigned ultimate political power to an elected president. The Acholi, a Nilotic Lwo-speaking ethnic group, live predominantly in the central region of northern Uganda, an space collectively named to known as Acholiland. They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. Arab trading routes coming from the north, trading in goods, but also in slaves. It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages Encyclopedia.com. common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. social control in the area. to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. million first language speakers at the time. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, Linguistic Affiliation. Organizational Politics. Medicine. The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. Movement. Malandra, Alfred (1939). morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. In the most recent phase of the cycle, beginning in the mid-1980s, Acholi has largely been on the receiving end of the violence. Orientation (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. But when Idi Amin overthrew Obotes first spell in power, and when Yoweri Musevini ousted Okello, the Acholi paid heavily for their allegiances. The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it. Domestic Unit. Chopi (Storch, 2005), Index of languages, language families, linguistic areas, and ethnic groups.. African languages. Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this [9], In the 2000s, James Ojent Latigo described some of Uganda's social problems as based on the way the political elites have used ethnicities to divide the country. The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. It does not store any personal data. Identification. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Millet is the staple food of the Acholi, and tobacco is grown for trade. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. A rebellion in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful journalist who created an account of the history and traditions of the Acholi, wrote that the Kinship Terminology. Since Ugandan forces pushed the LRA out of Northern Uganda, the majority were able to return to their homes, though without much in the way of government support. Sons have traditionally learned about farming, hunting, herding, and lineage and chiefdom traditions from their fathers and other lineage males; girls learn farming and domestic duties from their mothers. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany We hope you find it interesting. others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. Acholi's role in the colonial economy was confined mainly to the peasant production of cotton as a cash crop and the provision of recruits for the colonial army or police and migrant labor for the more "developed" Buganda. Some Acholi mothers exclaim that they do not know their sons after they have been away in the army. The chiefs traditionally came from one clan, and each chiefdom had several villages made up of different patrilineal clans. into the independence era. Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. Okeny, Kenneth (1982). Acholi conceive of death as an inevitable, personal defeat and tragedy, against which there is no ultimate defense. The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. This period of increased contact with non-Acholi accelerated the Social Control. It is The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. His stated political aims are to rule Uganda according to the Biblical Ten Commandments. The Acholi of Uganda. Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda, Atkinson, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Precolonial Phase.". Milton Obote (1962-71, 1980-85). The existence of separate chiefdoms was therefore not an These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The term Mende refers to both the people and the langua, Achievements by Indian Physical Scientists, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. Under Amins brutal regime, an estimated 300,000 died many of them Acholi. ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro Divorce, which can occur for numerous reasons, is not uncommon and may or may not involve return of the bride-wealth; children, as members of the father's lineage, usually either stay with the father or return to him later. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. . Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. (1972). Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. Idi Amin was also from north Uganda, but was of the Kakwa people. Historically, the most important public ceremonies were probably those associated with birth, planting, harvesting, and the killing of a large animal or another human being. Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. While rwodi, 23 Feb. 2023 . These guns brought "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both jok ). [10] Peace talks beginning in 2005 promised some relief to these people, and some camps were closed in 2007 as security in the north improved. Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. Congo. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers Acholi and Langi in government. The Acholi have a modified Iroquois kinship-terminology system, reflecting Acholi's patrilineal and patrilocal ideology. Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. [26][27], The NRA managed to defeat all the rebel groups except the LRA which culminated in a 20-year conflict. came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the Whitmire (2013) on the other hand argued that a 30 Chiefly authority was however not absolute, as power was shared with lineage elders ( ladit kaka) and political authority was mainly vested in Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Notable among the Acholi soldiers who made the ranks were Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa, Brig. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. Since the entrenchment of colonial rule, an average of 10 to 20 percent of adult Acholi males at any one time have been involved in migrant labor or employment in the police or army that has taken them from their home and families. The account of the Acholi reaching In addition there were priest- or priestess-diviners, private practitioners who worked for the well-being of their clients, and witches, who worked in private for evil or destructive purposes. Over the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, some seventy chiefdoms were founded throughout the area that became Acholi, leading to the development of a new social order and political culture, the spread of a new language (Luo), and the evolution of a new society and collective identity. With higher population densities during the dry seasons, groups of families would fall under the rule of one person known as Jago, or clan chief (Cohen & Atieno-Odhiambo, 1968 , p . interpolity interactions at the county level. Acholi Sub-region is consist of seven districts, namely; Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, Agago, Amuru and Nwoya, and are situtated in northern Uganda. (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century PUBLISHED: 30/01/2023. Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. (1976). coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from the Gulu district into camps, ostensibly for their protection. Girling, F. K. (1960). [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. a civil resistance movement started forming in the region. Identification. They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. Ceremonies. Orientation This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern The LRA received much of its financial, logistical and military support from the Khartoum government in neighbouring Sudan. friendly, but after the inception of the British Protectorate of Uganda in 1894, which included with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. InThe Roots of Ethnicity, Ronald R. Atkinson argues that although colonial rule and its aftermath have played a major role in shaping the particular manifestati. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. 53- [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu.
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