In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. PubMed Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. 2014;8:63. Article 2015;56:2618. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. [42] found similar results. It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. Sci STKE. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. Biomed Environ Sci. 2006;27:11926. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. 2013;34:26474. 2007;96:218196. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Article Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. 2010;473:525. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. 2004;2004:19. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. 2012;31:25074. as it have a harmful side. [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. Vorobyov et al. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. 2004;155:3743. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. 2005;161:52635. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. Singh et al. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. 2006;165:63644. J Clin Oncol. 2007;28:187380. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. Bioelectromagnetics. Bioelectromagnetics. Bull Exp Biol Med. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Lai et al. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. Physiol Behav. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. Zhang et al. 2003;80:194210. 2016;397:2239. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. Bioelectromagnetics. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). Sanders AP, Joines WT. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. 2000;6:18793. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. . Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. 2009;72:20514. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. J Mol Neurosci. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. 1984;11:4760. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. 2005;360:6577. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. CAS Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. PubMed Part of [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. Ning et al. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. PubMed Google Scholar. Cobb et al. 2017;326:291. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. 2002;57:2702. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. Google Scholar. Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. 2006;12:44651. Cell Biochem Biophys. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. However,. Privacy J Electromagnet Anal. 2010;28:445. BMJ. Gene. Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. 2012;21:6209. 2016;53:210011. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. 2006;398:2537. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. Front Neurosci. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. 2003;140:147. Koch C, Zador A. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. 2002;64:31353. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. 1992;114:16202. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone.
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