How do dissonance reduction and self-justification affect prejudice and discrimination? [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. In this chapter, we present the multiple knowing processes evolved to enable the tactical flexibility to pursue diverse goals.. endobj Prototype: abstract, cognitive representation of the typical/idealcategory member (with all the categorys defining features), Exemplars: specific, concrete example of a category member, can vary in how prototypical they are (i.e. [35], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dualprocesstheory in psychology. The cognitive miser . 6 [194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. /F3 23 0 R Stolz . Schema: cognitive structure that represents knowledge andbeliefs about a specific category (e.g. -Characteristics of the messenger: attractive, credible, similar to oneself. /Name /F1 3 0 obj 70413 lego - Der TOP-Favorit unserer Produkttester. /CS /DeviceRGB -Social loafing: where individuals become less productive in groups [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. /F3 23 0 R /Type /Font /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] -Analytical thinking: focuses on objects, central figure. >> According to Walter Lippmann's arguments in his classic book Public Opinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. -1 in 5 people exhibit racist attitudes, MODERN: cognitive *p ~02Q*PGZxO`'HiY<6\Ud"I$;4L`cp{-Yl o 1) time - short of time = use cog. 0 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 Here are 9 common cognitive shortcuts most people do to minimize the use of the brains we've been given. << If the statement is always true, explain why. What causes deindividuation? /ExtGState << 19 0 obj Which is viewed as more homogeneous? 10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.029. -Summer camp for boys with two groups, they had flags and motto's etc who has been shaped as a cognitive miser, now engages in shallow deliberative processes. /GS7 27 0 R People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 /LastChar 116 [9], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. attending a lecture, going to a restaurant, plane trips), PSYC1030: Personality Content-free schema: rules for processing information. /F2 22 0 R [34], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dual process theory in psychology. Contrast the wage and salary share to the profit share in terms of relative size. The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. /GS8 28 0 R c. Cognitive miser model d. Nave scientist model 6. %PDF-1.4 -Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. 72 0 R] [13] People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. Nave Scientists vs Cognitive Misers In 1958, Australian psychologist Fritz Heider proposed that there are 2 fundamental needs as humans that we need to fulfil (in order to survive): The need to understand the world The need to control the world around us Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. /S /Transparency /StructParents 11 >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] x[[Ggc%adp 3 t_hbdK _TwUt5vQ_Nw.{1_.;?nEM]0{?;a}|o/91m~?=>6Gc;xv;{x^(]G!=ig/ho#1na{quo|8Lg?b79?=|xCd]%ZtnrYHo/cauo~qeiL&'?Yv:woa =)Cnf;ZyK|HJ!C|XzfNbpyf`|*F /Group << Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. /GS7 27 0 R New York . Versailles Co. returned $3,000\$3,000$3,000 of the merchandise, receiving a credit memo, and then paid the amount due within the discount period. >> /Subtype /Type1 /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) if we can find evidence that matches hypothesis is true 18 . 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] /StructParents 5 5 [166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R [32] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. Introducing Cram Folders! 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". /F4 24 0 R >> >> What is the purpose of the accounting cycle? 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] [36] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. /StructParents 12 Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. -Self-justification: justifying destructive behaviors -Social cognition: how we interpret or reason about social information. >> /Group << What is a meta-analysis? /S /Transparency social Introducing Ask an Expert DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert /StructParents 4 Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. /Contents 35 0 R -Conformity: 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 /F2 22 0 R [29][30] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. adopting a cognitive miser approach but however if the target is not a good fit First proposed by Fritz Heider in 1958, the Nave scientist model [3] of cognition conceptualizes individuals as actors with limited information that want to derive an accurate understanding of the world. People are fully engaged in their thought processes, and choose between a number of different cognitive strategies depending on which best suits their current goals, motives, and needs b. 16 0 obj /Group << Consistency seeker: motivated by perceived discrepancies among their cognitions. /Parent 2 0 R endobj [33] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. /Group << What is social facilitation? Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts when interpret Schemas are mental structures people use to organize knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects. According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. Interests require cognitive attention, even calculation. System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. >> /F2 22 0 R /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 0 0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] In par-ticular, this need . /StructParents 10 >> naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser miser 2) cognitive load = heuristics don't require much thought, can be made on 'availability' eg. /GS8 28 0 R What percentage of the population exhibits racist attitudes? come up with 6 examples - YES come up with 12 examples- NO, try to adjust for anchor but never adjust enough, testing hypothesis by seeking out the cases that match the hypothesis. Kruglanski said people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies based on current goals or needs, people are motivated tacticians. The process of understanding what something is by knowing 8 0 obj /Annotation /Sect 11 [312 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. The cognitive miser is someone who is reluctant to think deeply about things. -Deindividuation: loosening of behavioral restraints, stripped of their usual behavior This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[40]. /Type /Pages Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? << /Parent 2 0 R [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. during socialrejection/inclusion, IMPRESSION: an idea, feeling, or opinion about something orsomeone, especially one formed without conscious thought or onthe basis of little evidence, PERSON PERCEPTION: the process through which people observeother people, interpret information about them, draw inferencesabout them, & develop mental representations of them, provides the basis for the way we think, feel, and behavetowards others, physical characteristics (e.g. 3 [114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R << -Attention: Americans focus on objects, Japanese focused on the context (spatial orientation) 24 0 obj First proposed in 1958 by Fritz Heider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. /Name /F3 students and group work, are you assertive? /Contents 41 0 R as a representative of a group or an individual separate from any category [9] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. /F1 21 0 R /Type /Font endobj /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. /Font << A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of Deepwater Horizon explosion, is presented below. /S /Transparency continued demands and government responses are therefore unfair, racism is wrong, my beliefs are not racist they are based on facts A large share of the world supply of diamonds comes from Russia and South Africa. Versailles Co., a womens clothing store, purchased $18,000\$18,000$18,000 of merchandise from a supplier on account, terms FOB destination, 2/102/102/10, n/30\text{n}/30n/30. Keith Stanovich . Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. /GS7 27 0 R 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R >> You could also do it yourself at any point in time. >> >> /F1 21 0 R What are In-groups and Out-groups? What are its three components of prejudice? -Obedience: submission to authority /F1 21 0 R /F4 24 0 R [5] [6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. /Worksheet /Part What is the power of single vivid instances? Describe the Robber's Cave Studies. /F3 23 0 R In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solveproblems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. /Tabs /S What is social comparison theory? /GS7 27 0 R PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture - PSYC 137 Chapter 1: Point: - StuDocu Chapters 1-6 psyc 137 chapter notes chapter introduction main point: nave psychology and cognitive psychology are themes in social cognition research. -It is a social issue, what is the societal problem? As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. The nave scientist Pioneering social psychologist Fritz Heider wanted to build a basic theory of the social mind, and to do that he aimed to establish the fundamental guiding principles that drive social behaviour. -TST: a fill in the blank text, first test was "I am" second test was "I am ___ at school" The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". -Meta Analysis: looks at findings over multiple studies /Subtype /Type0 Cookie policy. Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s). What is the actor-observer bias? as. /S /Transparency /Type /Group >> /Resources << The nave scientist and attribution theory; Heuristics; The cognitive miser theory; Implications; Updates and later research; References; The term [13], Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. /BM /Normal Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. /Type /Page >> /F4 24 0 R However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". /ExtGState << Gordon . [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of socialpsychology research that questioned its explanatory power. /LastChar 239 /Parent 2 0 R /Parent 2 0 R -Aggression: westerners feel angry to people they are close to or when they are mistreated, easterners opposite endobj . >> >> << << A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. What role does motivation to be right or to feel good play? What is the motivation of the cognitive miser? [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. /StructParents 2 This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[41]. >> Voters use small amounts of personal information to construct a narrative about candidates. -Differs: 12 0 obj 322 0 R 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R /MarkInfo << << 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R] Define 'groupthink' and describe its symptoms and impact on decision making. -Responses varied across cultures The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. /P 3 0 R >> /S /Transparency >> What is the "foot-in-the-door" technique? On what dimensions do cultures differ? 15 0 obj >> objects can be similar or dissimilar on an infinite number of dimensions. /F3 23 0 R /F4 24 0 R 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R] It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. 29 0 obj What sort of characteristics go together to form certain types of personality? >> 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. What is what? The last chapter ended with a new model of the social knower, able to function strategically as either naive scientist or cognitive miser. 8 [240 0 R 241 0 R 242 0 R 243 0 R 244 0 R 245 0 R 246 0 R 247 0 R 248 0 R 249 0 R Please select the correct language below. >> /Type /Page ] endobj endobj what other things is equivalent to and what other things are different from (, -Categories >> -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristic s and attributional bias es to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. [2], People are limited in their capacity to process information, so they take shortcuts whenever they can. [10][pageneeded] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. What kinds of information does a flawed scientist use when thinking about the behavior of others? /Type /Page << endobj Gordon Pennycook . >> /ExtGState << /CS /DeviceRGB q*15Q[7t. naive scientist vs cognitive misercan low magnesium kill you. You should be drawing on discussions of attribution models, attribution bias . /Resources << -Causes: the benefit of anonymity, -Prejudice: drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence Overview cognitive miser Quick Reference An interpretation of stereotypes as psychological mechanisms that economize on the time and effort spent on information processing by simplifying social reality, which would otherwise overwhelm our cognitive capacities with its complexity. Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. /CS /DeviceRGB /Type /Page would sanctify the pursuit of selfinterest. Naive scientist Heider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attribution s using similar processes to those of scientists. Categories are in some way ultimate heuristics, they can be Rossi . /Chart /Sect People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. >> -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. xZ[o:~|VDJ vlm\,>8kzI#Hg87\u4_|6es^,.75>.z Fgq=q?"baKFKX>aY.wrw7d/yss7u',>#=6u_@fVubl+6"(ehK}~aOS&q1~_Xr[\eQ/FTvqg4;8V=q.0bIA_:?tb.OtD*x"[ =v:Zz=7;s+w@Y{~;\11k0_~z9PwZWBf~8Me((hI'8B)|]>r KP+b:PS6zONv3oq^C%-G L~C /Type /Font Voters use small amounts of personal information to construct a narrative about candidates. /ExtGState << -They would overbook places, give one group food that was better, etc. As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. /Contents 37 0 R 7 0 obj >> In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals.