Because trees are sensitive to local climate conditions, such as rain and temperature, they give scientists some information about that area's local climate in the past. necessary endings table of contents; best longboard waves costa rica; jeff cook real estate wife In other words, a long branch does not typically mean more time passed; nor does a short branch mean less time passed, unless the data are specifically correlated to time with an evolutionary model. A single pass through eliminates the candidates %such that o O O. Labour 15. real puka shell necklace planilla excel control de stock y ventas planilla excel control de stock y ventas The method was invented in the 1920s by astronomer Andrew Ellicott Douglass and archaeologist Clark Wissler. Most people who enter into studying tree rings typically come from one of several disciplines: Archaeology - for the purpose of dating materials and artefacts made from wood. Perhaps other temperature proxies might accurately indicate past temperatures but I doubt tree ring analysis can do that. Get TreeSize Free! In dry environments, such as the Middle East or U.S. Southwest, tree rings typically record wet or dry years, and in cooler areas (high latitudes or high elevation), the ring widths are often a proxy for temperature. The human gas exchange system is composed of the nasal cavity, trachea, epiglottis, cartilage, cilia, bronchi, lungs, bronchiole, alveoli, diaphragm, heart and the capillaries. 2. As a rule trees produce one ring every year. The individual branches do not necessarily evolve at the same rate or in the same way. Many phylogenetic trees are built using the morphology of organisms or fossils. Basically, the term network topology refers to the layout pattern of interconnections of various elements of a computer network, like the nodes, links, etc. what are 2 disadvantages or limitations of tree rings? The maps above depict Palmer Drought Index, which is a combination of precipitation and temperature, as higher temperatures combined with lower rainfall produce water shortages (drought) which limits plant growth. Hardwood is usually also more expensive compared to its softwood counterpart. 1. Craigslist Williamsville, Ny, Some of those limitations include: In some areas of the world, particularly in the tropics, the species available do not have sufficiently distinct seasonal patterns that they can be used. : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "3:_Genes_to_Enzymes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4:_Tracing_the_History_of_Evolution" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5:_Structure_of_life" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "6:_Microbial_Metabolism" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "7:_How_Microbes_Grow" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:yes", "license:ccbyncsa", "authorname:dsumner", "Phylogenetic Trees", "source-bio-13527" ], https://geo.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fgeo.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FUniversity_of_California_Davis%2FGEL_098-16%253A_Geobiology_(Sumner)%2FText%2F4%253A_Tracing_the_History_of_Evolution%2F4.2%253A_Limitations_of_Phylogenetic_Trees, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), status page at https://status.libretexts.org, Identify the limitations of phylogenetic trees as representations of the organization of life. Tree species vary greatly. Most importantly, assuming there are no gaps in the record (and even if there are short gaps), it can tell us the precise year that a certain tree ring grew (4). As another example, some genes are almost never shared among organisms, such as the genes encoding the machinery to convert DNA into RNA. Distantly related organisms can also share morphological features. Hammocks may also potentially have some less obvious drawbacks: Weight Real and potential disadvantages of hammock camping. Due to the presence of a large number of nodes, the network performance of tree topology becomes a bit slow. There is much we can learn about the past climate, how freak season-long weather conditions, or periods of climate change have affected tree growth and how it may affect our climate in future. 3. This enormous and comprehensive data set is fundamental to both European and North American studies of the palaeoclimate and prehistory (8). Decision tree can be used to solve both classification and regression problem. Lemon Tortellini Bon Appetit, Andrew Ellicott Douglass from the University of Arizona first used this specialized branch of science in the early 1900s. Tree growth is an imperfect recorder of past climate, because trees are also affected by non-climatic factors including wind and insect damage and competition from nearby trees. June 21, 2022 josie's organics recall romaine lettuce 0. Unfortunately, the wood from the pueblos did not fit into Douglass's record, and over the disadvantages 12 years, they searched in vain for a connecting ring pattern, building a second prehistoric disadvantages of years. These rings can tell us how old the tree is, and what the weather was like during each year of the trees life. The tank is then filled with the preservative under high pressure, forcing it deeply into the wood. Most records will be unique and this should, in theory, give an absolute date for the artefact; if they have an identical level of the isotope, we can safely conclude that they are of the same age (12). He theorised that tree rings could be used as proxy data to extend climate study back further than had previously been permissible. They live in all sorts of conditions too: in temperate and tropical areas and in arid locations, from mountain landscapes to the rainforests of the equator and the temperate uplands of Scandinavia, they are everywhere. Legal. We encourage you to perform your own independent research before making any education decisions. This was a date that researchers suspected, albeit far more broadly than before confirmation, but from that point dendrochronology became a fundamental tool in dating archaeological remains. Where most climatologists look at how humans are affecting the climate, dendrochronology for climate science is focussed on the changes on vegetation that results from the natural processes of climate chang (16 p129-130). The light-colored rings represent wood that grew in the spring and early summer, while the dark rings represent wood that grew in the late summer and fall. If any one computer gets down, then whole network will be affected. Posted by . Drought or a severe winter can cause narrower rings too. There is a clear grain of pine wood and this is characterized by contrasting medium-brow tree rings. I'm assuming you don't know anything about the site location? By extension, this can also teach us about climate change in the future, Dendrology - which also includes forestry management and conservation. They both had a profound effect on the climate of Europe and eastern North America. The dawn of the age of true trees came with the evolution of wood in the late Devonian period. what are 2 disadvantages or limitations of tree rings? The study of tree ring data is vital for understanding what our regional and global palaeoclimate looked like at any time, especially in light of the lack of other sources where we might get such information. It's a platform to ask questions and connect with people who contribute unique insights and quality answers. Plant and animal matter; Coal; Strengths and Limitations of Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA)? Because this is a very tough and difficult to split wood. Counting tree rings is one of the most accurate ways to determine a trees age. Disadvantages of Points Club Membership. So you will need to do a web search for its ISA species growth factor. future of pta profession 2022; emmy awards 2022 winners; property management section 8 fresno, ca. A new view of the tree of life, NatureMicrobiology, 2016, 1:16048. Organisms, such as diatoms, forams, and coral serve as useful climate proxies. An introduction to the use of tree rings, ice cores and glacial activity as evidence of climate change. Science & information for a climate-smart nation, 2022 U.S. billion-dollar weather and climate disasters in historical context. purpose of this paper is to describe a rational approach to tree ring /pollution or dendropollution research, given the limitations of the data and prior knowledge, based on dendrochronological principles. The light-colored rings represent wood that grew in the spring and early summer, while the dark rings represent wood that grew in the late summer and fall. 3. Submitted by Alasdair Farquharson on Tue, 12/14/2021 - 19:54. But maybe something like that could happen with strong, persistent prevailing winds. For locations where a good statistical match exists between tree growth and temperature or precipitation during the period of overlap, the ring widths can be used to estimate past temperature or precipitation over the lifetime of the tree. Until the 1980s, it was notoriously difficult to date waterlogged archaeological sites, which was frustrating for researchers because organic material such as wood rarely finds itself in areas where it might easily survive. Softwood grows at a faster rate than hardwood. All bacteria are more distantly related to all Archaea than lizards are to rabbits even though lizards and rabbits look much more different from each other. What could affect tree growth? Non-ferrous metals are those which do not contain significant quantity of iron (ferrite) or iron as the base metal. While closely related organisms often look similar, it is not always true that lineages that share features are the most closely related. The various uses of timber are, It has good strength and hence used for making load-bearing members like beams, columns, trusses and piles. what are 2 disadvantages or limitations of tree rings? Because of its basic structure, tree topology, relies heavily on the main bus cable, if it breaks whole network is crippled. Most of us learned as children that the age of a tree could be found by counting its rings. Some like wet, salty soil and others prefer dry, acidic soil; there are preferences for temperature, humidity and most have an elevation limit. necessary to study a variable which cannot be measured directly. what are 2 disadvantages or limitations of tree rings? Submitted by david h. jackson,md on Thu, 12/06/2018 - 23:05, Submitted by Bruce Bauer on Mon, 12/10/2018 - 13:42, In reply to tree rings by david h. jackson,md, Submitted by Joe Zorzin on Mon, 06/17/2019 - 13:12, In reply to RE: tree rings by Bruce Bauer, Submitted by Peter Rathbun MA on Tue, 04/05/2022 - 21:58. Star and Ring topology are the types of network topologies. 2. An analysis of a red spruce tree-ring chronology indicates that a decline in ringwidths since 1968 cannot be explained by a linear temperature response model. And all of the complexities provide information scientists can use to understand the processes and history of evolution. This article makes it sound like tree rings are only ever sensitive to temperature, but they aren't. Submitted by rebecca.lindsey on Mon, 04/04/2022 - 09:11, In reply to Tree ring data of 21st century W/O hockey stick mixture by Mark. You may like to watch a video on the Top 5 Decision Tree Algorithm Advantages and Disadvantages The probability of a neutron interacting with a nucleus is a function of the neutron energy. voyage of the demeter bbc; Uncategorized; what are 2 disadvantages or limitations of tree rings? Antarctica. It is an accurate and reliable dating method with a large number of uses in environmental studies, archaeology and everything in between. If not installed correctly, some types of thread inserts can tend to work out of These telescopes do require a delicate hand and must be moved from place to place with great care. List out the corresponding actions that should be taken with each combination of conditions. Example of contribution calculation. Chance of collision is less. Rings (3) hang on the yarn and their position depends on the tensile force in yarn F 0. what are 2 disadvantages or limitations of tree rings? For future reference, the most reliable way to contact Climate.gov is to use our webmail addresses: https://www.climate.gov/contact, Submitted by rebecca.lindsey on Wed, 03/24/2021 - 09:46, In reply to Speaking for Webinar ZOOM event by Rita Thomas. In times before we had modern treatment of wood, people often drained trees of sap after felling and prior to use of the timber. A conversation with Leander Anderegg: NOAA postdoc, tree physiologist, outdoorsman, Natural records of past climate - Maps, Visualizations, and Descriptive Information, Dendrochronology - Trees: Recorders of Climate Change, Tree Rings: Counting the Years of Global Warming. Naturally, the outer rings represent the youngest years of the tree and you may notice that not all rings are uniform - some are thinner, some thicker, some light and some dark. Each season of growth (typically annual but not always, we will examine this problem later) a new ring is set down in the body of the tree. Tree rings are created by the tree as it grows in girth, and the width of a given tree ring is dependent on climate, so a stand of trees will all have a near-identical pattern of tree rings. Dendrochronology is the study of data from tree ring growth. Where the right species are available, the wood must be well enough preserved that the rings are readable. We Token Bus (IEEE 802.4) is a popular standard for the token passing LANs. This is known as the "fruit of the poisonous tree" doctrine. Even a small change in input data can at times, cause large changes in the tree. Joe Zorzin (forester with 47 years experience). Your email address will not be published. Most of these castles were either square or polygonal. Contents. We do no know everything about modern organisms, and the fossil record includes very few of the organisms that actually . After understanding these two network configurations, we can easily understand the working and construction of tree topology. The annual ring is formed by the `cumbium which lies between the old wood and bark. Chain slings are known for their durability, versatility and extremely long service life. Disadvantages of Tree Topology : This network is very difficult to configure as compared to the other network topologies. Submitted by Fraser Forrest on Thu, 10/20/2022 - 10:26, I am working on a paper, just for fun in the SCA, that explains why climate change in medieval Europe forced fashion to change. In this article we make the assumption that growth is annual with a distinct growing season. In North America, the opposite is true as we can look far back into the palaeoclimate record, often numbering in the thousands of years, for data over a much longer period. Disadvantages of Tree Topology 1. When used in conjunction with other methods, tree rings can be used to plot events. MG Mason has a BA in Archaeology and MA in Landscape Archaeology, both from the University of Exeter. Some of the disadvantages of Points Club membership include no guarantee that a member will be able to book a certain week and/or resort each year or any year as it is on a first-come-first-serve basis. It was not until the 1970s that archaeologists saw the benefits of the use of tree ring data in their own field (8), even though Douglass himself had used his method to date many prehistoric North American artefacts and monuments that had previously not been satisfactorily placed into a definite chronology. A good dendrochronology study depends heavily on a lack of a repeated pattern. Jul 2, 2022 . It 2.1 Advantages; 2.2 Disadvantages; 2.3 Options; 3 War-steeds described. Hursts memory that roots in early work of the British hydrologist H.E. Typically, a bachelor's degree in any of the above disciplines are enough to study the data that comes out of dendrochronology. One light ring plus one dark ring equals one year of the tree's life. Limitations of phylogenetic trees: This ladder-like phylogenetic tree of vertebrates is rooted by an organism that lacked a vertebral column. Photo by Ken Lund, used under a Creative Commons license. what are 2 disadvantages or limitations of tree rings? Advantages & Disadvantages of Natural Gas. For example, the tree grew up touching a rock formation like a cliff or a big boulder. If two closely-related lineages evolved under significantly varied surroundings or after the evolution of a major new adaptation, it is possible for the two groups to appear more different than other groups that are not as closely related. The divergence problem is a physical phenomenon - tree growth has slowed or declined in the last few decades, mostly in high northern latitudes. Posts reflect the views of the bloggers or guest contributors themselves, not necessarily those of Climate.gov, NOAA, or NCEI. ICE CORES. I have a recently harvested log from an ash tree planted in West Wales in 1997. Archaeology - for the purpose of dating materials and artefacts made from wood. Chemists - Tree rings are the method by which radiocarbon dates are calibrated. The word rubber originates from the early applications of rubber, i.e. One light ring plus one dark ring equals one year of the tree's life. Secondly, annual rainfall is a regional climatic event, and so tree ring dates for the southwest are of no use in other regions of the world. Managing is easier as to add or remove a device from the topology only two links are required to be changed. We do no know everything about modern organisms, and the fossil record includes very few of the organisms that actually lived. Tree ring analysis is based on the phenomenon of formation of annual growth rings in many trees, such as conifers. Phylogenetic trees represent hypotheses about the evolution of life. 2. 2. When multiple nodes and trees are on a network, maintaining it can be a challenge. The rings of walls around the heart of the castle could be any shape. Closely-related organisms often look alike; they share morphological traits. what are 2 disadvantages or limitations of tree rings? The final two graphs (Figure 8 and Figure 9) are for Bristlecone Pines from the USA.This record is very long 2000 years and therefore potentially very valuable for temperature reconstruction. As we try to push our matching of archaeological specimens beyond the range for which we have good control data, our confidence in the derived dates diminishes. what are 2 disadvantages or limitations of tree rings?banana whiskey recipes. Disadvantages: Initial and maintenance cost is more compared to squirrel cage motor because presence of slip rings, brushes, short circuiting devices etc. However, hardwood is usually preferred for firewood as its denser, and produces a higher heat output and a longer duration flame. This noted manufacturer offer bundle package yoga swing with stand. We analyze the SOI (Southern Oscillations Index) and 6 tree-ring series for USA sites by means of DFA and the BDS statistic is used Such knowledge allows for im provement of the quality of wood pro duced in the forest, better use of the nu merous available species, limitations of disadvantages, making products of the best possible quality, and reduction of waste. Archaeology - for the purpose of dating materia Although the body is compact, the reflector telescope, especially the mid-sized and larger models, tends to be bulkier than the refractor telescopes. The divergence problem is unprecedented, unique to the last few decades, indicating its cause may be anthropogenic. NCEI archives these climate reconstructions in addition to the tree ring measurements. You forgot one very important variable- rain. Once a solar panel is installed, solar energy can be produced free of charge. 2021 U.S. billion-dollar weather and climate disasters in historical context, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Tree ring data of 21st century W/O hockey stick mixture, How tree rings tell time and climate history. What are some of the uncertainties in how accurately your tree reflects the evolutionary relationships among the organisms. The reliability of the information in the decision treedepends on feeding the precise internal and external information at the onset. The method has undergone immense improvement in the last 20 years. Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network. Phylogenetic trees represent hypotheses about the evolution of life. Procedure for Lost-Wax Moulding: Lost-wax moulding is also known as precision moulding or investment casting. Narrow rings grow in cold or dry years, and wide rings grow in warm or wet years. Cost card $ $ $. For specific questions like this, your best bet is to contact that the experts with the International Tree-Ring Data Bank (ITRDB), which is maintained by the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Genes are the units of organisms that encode the results of evolution, making them particularly useful for building phylogenetic trees. Both increase friction by wrapping the yarn (1) over metal or ceramic surfaces. Virgin PTFEs hardness is 55 Shore D, which is much harder than a typical Nitrile O-Ring at 70 Shore A, which is a softer scale. 360-Degree Height Safety. Calcified nodules can develop at the site of collection, especially in infants. It only means that two lineages diverged. Materials 30. Rooting an Android device means gaining Superuser permissions on your Android device. What are some of the challenges you had to face? As an example, genes that encode for antibiotic resistance in bacteria can be shared among bacteria, even between relatively distantly related species. The patterns, therefore, often contain a weather history at the location the tree grew, in addition to its age. Another aspect of phylogenetic trees is that, unless otherwise indicated, the branches do not account for length of time over which evolution occurred. Like any model, framework, or simplifying metaphor, the Ladder of Citizen Participation can only explain so much. In order to do so, you need to find the stump of a tree that has been cut down or get a cross-section of wood from near the bottom of the tree that shows all the rings. They depict evolutionary order and evolutionary difference. 3 Luglio 2022 . what are 2 disadvantages or limitations of tree rings?dr matheney boston children's hospital 2022.07.03 18:36 18:36 Therapy. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Tree Topology Short Bytes: Tree Topology derives its roots from bus and star topology. I'd like to be able to compare 21st century data to older data. The method of change may have been different, but the results are the same and it can tell us much about increasing levels of carbon in the past. Statistical matching of ring widths to measured temperature or precipitation is always done, and only trees with strong correlations to the measured data are used in climate reconstructions. 2.17 Chlorinated Polyethylene (CM, CPE), Chlorosulphonated Polyethylene Brasiliensis rubber tree to produce waterproof footwear, among other products from soaking their feet in the liquid, latex, tapped from the tree. Other properties of the annual rings, such as maximum latewood density (MXD) have been shown to be better proxies than simple ring width. What features did you use to construct the tree? So, simply because a vertebral column evolved does not mean that invertebrate evolution ceased. Cheap to set up and expand. Therefore, the process is known as lost-wax moulding. Patients may feel faint after any type of blood drawing. Curly Brackets Mac Italian Keyboard, These effects are minimized by collecting samples from numerous trees and averaging them together. We can date organic archaeological material and create a chronological record against which artefacts can be dated (3). Cheap to set up and expand. Hug, L.A.,Baker, B.J.,Anantharaman, K.,Brown, C.T.,Probst, A.J.,Castelle, C.J.,Butterfield, C.N.,Hernsdorf, A.W.,Amano, Y.,Ise, K., et al. Strengths . Drought or a severe winter can . For example, tree rings usually grow wider in warm, wet years and they are thinner in years when it is cold and dry. Douglass was the first to realize that the wide rings of certain species of trees were produced during years with ample rainfall . A data-driven approach to snow reconstruction using tree rings. Wood helps the developing tree to stay strong as it gets older and grows upwards, building new branches and drinking in more sunlight for photosynthesis reproduction. Advantages of Tree Topology 1. Brasiliensis rubber tree to produce waterproof footwear, among other products from soaking their feet in the liquid, latex, tapped from the tree. 8.2.8.2 Tree rings. If you can't find it, you could probably contact your county extension agent or the forestry or botany department at your state university. The disadvantages of Synchronous motor includes: Synchronous motors require dc excitation which is supplied from external sources. Many phylogenetic trees are built using genetic data. However, these concentric designs were almost always symmetrical, unless rocky terrain or difficult surroundings prevented such a picture-perfect layout. The wood product is placed into a humongous cylindrical holding tank, and the tank is depressurized to remove all air. Choose some organisms that you are familiar with and try to construct a phylogenetic tree showing therelationships among them. There are 2 lenses on our scopes10X and 20X - the black lens knob is on the right side of the head of the microscope. Decision tree often involves higher time to train the model. Is there an up to date graph of tree ring data per climate such as 2000-2020? Due to the sweeping and diverse applications of this data, specialists can come from many academic disciplines. Overuse of the same area for collection can cause scarring. Disadvantages of Ring topology : Due to the Uni-directional Ring, a data packet (token) must have to pass through all the nodes. I have the diameter of a Sycamore tree taken in 2020 and also from a scaled photograph from 1914. how to access options on webull callan@sitebydesign.co.za; wild card creative group 062 4284579 With my Sycamore, 48" in 2020 and 30" in 1914 the 'birth' calculates to about 1740. Photo by Peter Brown, Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research. 4.2. Climate Science - particularly in the field of palaeoclimatology where we can learn about the environmental conditions of the past, locally or globally, based on what the tree rings are telling us. For example, many Bacteria are spherical in shape, as are many Archaea. The climate of the next century will be well beyond the range of the climate that we have observed for the last 160 years. - Allegra LeGrande, NASA climate scientist . This empowers people to learn from each other and to better understand the world. Tree rings are no exception. But any larvae that have already passed beyond the outer rings will not likely be affected by it, and larvae that have not yet entered the tree will be killed only if enough residual insecticide remains in those rings to kill them. { "4.1:_Phylogenetic_Trees" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.2:_Limitations_of_Phylogenetic_Trees" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.3:_The_Levels_of_Classification" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1:_Life_and_Earth" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2:_What_is_life?"