Primary Sources - An Introductory Guide - Seton Hall University Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. Primary sources - How to find resources by format - Research Guides at [81] He sent his army back to Capua[82] and then conducted the elections for that year, which yielded a resounding rejection of him and his allies. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix[8] (/sl/; 13878 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. Examples of tertiary sources include encyclopedias and dictionaries, chronologies, almanacs, directories, indexes, and bibliographies. These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. Book Sources: Bloody Sunday - Selma to Montgomery March (1965) A selection of books/e-books available in Trible Library. National Archives Catalog Find online primary source materials for classroom & student projects from the National Archive's online catalog (OPA). Some set their hearts on houses, some on landsThe whole period was one of debauched tastes and lawlessness. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. Sulla then duly besieged the city. [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. He then attacked the Samnites and routed one of their armies near Aesernia before capturing the new Italian capital at Bovianum Undecimanorum. [42], Victorious, Marius and Catulus were both granted triumphs as the commanding generals. Finding Primary Sources Primary Sources from DocsTeach Thousands of online primary source documents from the National Archives to bring the past to life as classroom teaching tools. If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. The assembly of the people subsequently ratified the decision, with no limit set on his time in office. Shortly before Sulla's first consulship, the Romans fought the bloody Social War against their . Sulla then left for Capua before joining an army near Nola in southern Italy.[74]. When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . If you have questions, please consult your instructor or librarian. Moreover, the people knew that Sulla was friends with Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, and rejected his standing for the praetorship to induce him to spend money on games. [citation needed], The second law concerned the sponsio, which was the sum in dispute in cases of debt, and usually had to be lodged with the praetor before the case was heard. Guide. [92] In the summer of 88, he reorganised the administration of the area before unsuccessfully besieging Rhodes. Lucius other name: Sulla Details individual; military/naval; official; Roman; Male. [126] Sulla's specific movements are very vaguely described in Appian, but he was successful in preventing the Italians from relieving Praeneste or joining with Carbo. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) - HistoryOfWar.org Church and W. J. Brodribb. [31] Ultimately, the Numidians were defeated in 106BC, due in large part to Sulla's initiative in capturing the Numidian king. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. Lucius Cornelius Sulla | Nemesis of the Roman Empire | Study.com Lucius Cornelius Sulla | UNRV Roman History [53], Relations between Rome and its allies (the socii), had deteriorated over the years up to 91BC. Archelaus tried to break out but were unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. [61] Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with Stabiae and Aeclanum; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. [107], Mithridates, still in Asia, was faced with local uprisings against his rule. Published by at 29, 2022. [101], Sulla decamped his army from Attica toward central Greece. Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. Modern sources have been somewhat less damning, as the Mithridatic campaigns later showed that no quick victory over Pontus was possible as long as Mithridates survived. aking of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. In a typical year, the Graduate Acting Department will personally audition more than 800 students in order to select an ensemble of 16 actors. [88] Political violence in Rome continued even in Sulla's absence. [45][46], While governing Cilicia, Sulla received orders from the Senate to restore Ariobarzanes to the throne of Cappadocia. The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. The two greatest of these were Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla. [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. [96] Rome unsuccessfully defended Delos from an joint invasion by Athens and Pontus. primary name: Sulla, Lucius Cornelius other name: Cornelius L f P n Sulla Felix . The proscriptions are widely perceived as a response to similar killings that Marius and Cinna had implemented while they controlled the Republic during Sulla's absence. Upon his arrival, Sulla had his quaestor Lucullus order Sura, who had vitally delayed Mithridates' advances into Greece, to retreat back into Macedonia. These marriages helped build political alliances with the influential Caecilii Metelli and the Pompeys. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. Tweet. The Pros and Cons of Teaching with Primary Sources - ProQuest [81.3] Magnesia, the only city in Asia that remained loyal, was defended against Mithridates with the greatest courage. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit," further alleging that many of the murdered victims had nothing to do with Sulla, though Sulla killed them to "please his adherents.". Weekly Newspaper Articles as Primary Sources. By the end of the war, the SSA had conscripted over 2.8 million American men. While besieging Pompeii, an Italian relief force came under Lucius Cluentius, which Sulla defeated and forced into flight towards Nola. Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. The Romans neutralised a Pontic charge of scythed chariots before pushing the Pontic phalanx back across the plain. [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. At the same time, the younger Marius sent word to assemble the Senate and purge it of suspected Sullan sympathisers: the urban praetor Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus then had four prominent men killed at the ensuing meeting. [50][51], In 94BC, Sulla repulsed the forces of Tigranes the Great of Armenia from Cappadocia. Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom. [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. Archelaus then hid in the nearby marshes before escaping to Chalcis. And for his consular colleague, he attempted to transfer to him the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo's army. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. [152], Sulla was red-blond[154] and blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. Each actor's story is unique and each brings something important to the ensemble. The dictator is the subject of four Italian operas, two of which take considerable liberties with history: Sulla is a central character in the first three, Lucius Cornelius Sulla is also a character in the first book of the, His first wife was Ilia, according to Plutarch. His primary duty was the defeat of Mithridates and the re-establishment of Roman power in the east. Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. For other uses, see, Portrait of Sulla on a denarius minted in 54 BC by his grandson, They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. 9, The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 BC. Roman military leaders. The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 C (101-105 F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. The two primary sources for this paper are Sallust's Learning in Black and White. He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using He declined battle with Pontus at the hill Philoboetus near Chaeronea before manoeuvring to capture higher ground and build earthworks. Continuing towards Scipio's position at Teanum Sidicinum, Sulla negotiated and was almost able to convince Scipio to defect. Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. Sulla (P. Cornelius Sulla) - Roman praetor, 212 B.C. [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it. However, this material may be located in a number of places including in the library, elsewhere on campus, or even online. Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . porterville unified school district human resources; Tags . Primary Sources: Definition and Examples | Grammarly Years later, in 91BC, Bocchus paid for the erection of gilded equestrian statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. It was not until he was in his very late forties and almost past the age . The Samnite and anti-Sullan commanders were then hunted down as "for all intents and purposes the civil war in Italy was over". Find these with these special Subject terms. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, and art objects. Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. His colleague was, 79 BC: Retires from political life, refusing the, 78 BC: Dies, perhaps of an intestinal ulcer, with funeral held in Rome, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 11:05. [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. Although he was able to regain the command, his political setup in Rome collapsed almost as soon as he left Italy, and the war would . Also useful for understanding Sulla's career are the article by E. Baddian . At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. [27], When Marius took over the war, he entrusted Sulla to organise cavalry forces in Italy needed to pursue the mobile Numidians into the desert. He had close connections to the imperial family and was the husband of Antonia, Claudius's daughter, and might thus have been seen as a threat to Nero. [155] Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance. Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. . "[157] This duality, or inconsistency, made him very unpredictable and "at the slightest pretext, he might have a man crucified, but, on another occasion, would make light of the most appalling crimes; or he might happily forgive the most unpardonable offenses, and then punish trivial, insignificant misdemeanors with death and confiscation of property. Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the Battle of the Colline Gate on the afternoon of 1 November 82BC. This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators. Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. [18] Lacking ready money, Sulla spent his youth among Romes comedians, actors, lute players, and dancers. 82 BC. Sulla's career is recounted in detail in Howard Hayes Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. Primary Source Terms:. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. Primary vs. Secondary Sources | Difference & Examples - Scribbr A primary source (also called original . 133/18 Scipio praises C.Marius. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. [121], Fighting in 83BC began with reverses for Sulla's opponents: their governors in Africa and Sardinia were deposed. He can hardly have been in any doubt. The Senate moved the senatus consultum ultimum against him and was successful in levying large amount of men and materiel from the Italians. His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him imperator. Gnaeus Carbo attempted to lift the Siege of Praeneste but failed and fled to Africa. "[133][134], At the end of 82 BC or the beginning of 81 BC,[135] the Senate appointed Sulla dictator legibus faciendis et reipublicae constituendae causa ("dictator for the making of laws and for the settling of the constitution"). The Roman general and dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 B.C.) [130], In total control of the city and its affairs, Sulla instituted a series of proscriptions (a program of executing and confiscating the property of those whom he perceived as enemies of the state). Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. This may have been related to Sulla's campaign for the consulship. Graduate Admissions - New York University [108] Adding to his challenges was Lucullus' fleet, reinforced by Rhodian allies. [65] This had been preceded by the lex Julia, passed by Lucius Julius Caesar in October 90BC, which had granted citizenship to those allies who remained loyal. Pueblo, CO 81001. Contact: Research Help Desk, University Library Colorado State University-Pueblo 2200 Bonforte Blvd. Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. Despite initial difficulties, Sulla was successful with minimal resources and preparation; with few Roman troops, he hastily levied allied soldiers and advanced quickly into rugged terrain before routing superior enemy forces. Marius - in ancient sources @ attalus.org Sulla played an important role in the long political struggle between the optimates and populares factions at Rome. He was, however, defeated. His descendants among the Cornelii Sullae would hold four consulships during the imperial period: Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 5 BC, Faustus Cornelius Sulla in AD 31, Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix in AD 33, and Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix in 52 AD (he was the son of the consul of 31, and the husband of Claudia Antonia, daughter of the emperor Claudius). [138], As promised, when his tasks were complete, Sulla returned his powers and withdrew to his country villa near Puteoli to be with his family. From 133BC and the start of Tiberius Gracchus' land reforms, Italian communities were displaced from de jure Roman public lands over which no title had been enforced for generations. This distinction is important because it will affect how you understand these sources. Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 BCE) was a ruthless military commander, who first distinguished himself in the Numidian War under the command of Gaius Marius.His relationship with Marius soured during the conflicts that would follow and lead to a rivalry which would only end with Marius' death.Sulla eventually seized control of the Republic, named himself dictator, and after eliminating his . [128], After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of Bellona at the Campus Martius. Primary Resources - Primary Resources and Archives - Research Guides at This, of course, made him very popular with the poorer citizens. [44], His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo (possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the ludi Apollinares. You may copy and distribute the translations and commentaries in this resource, or parts of such translations and commentaries, in any medium . N.S. Campaigning on his military record, the people were unwilling to hear tales of military bravado from a mere junior officer after two triumphs. [17] Sallust declares him well-read, intelligent, and he was fluent in Greek. Research Process and Acumen: Experience with primary sources can support future academic success. [114], The general feeling in Italy, however, was decidedly anti-Sullan; many people feared Sulla's wrath and still held memories of his extremely unpopular occupation of Rome during his consulship. He might have been disinherited, though it was "more likely" that his father simply had nothing to bequeath. His third wife was Cloelia, whom Sulla divorced due to sterility. The next year, 96BC, he assigned "probably pro consule as was customary" to Cilicia in Asia Minor. Textbook passages discussing specific concepts, events, and experiments. Killing Cluentius before the city's walls, Sulla then invested the town and for his efforts was awarded a grass crown, the highest Roman military honour. There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Social War, also called Italic War, or Marsic War, (90-89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome's Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeaveney2006 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeager1994 (, Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". Negotiations broke down after one of Scipio's lieutenants seized a town held by Sulla in violation of a ceasefire. [104] When the Pontic cavalry attacked to interrupt the earthworks, the Romans almost broke; Sulla personally rallied his men on foot and stabilised the area. They were, however, successful in holding Macedonia, then governed by propraetor Gaius Sentius and his legate Quintus Bruttius Sura. [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. Primary sources are often in manuscript collections and archival records. [68] Shortly after Sulla's election, probably in the last weeks of the year, Sulla married his daughter to one of his colleague Pompeius Rufus' sons. Introduction. Primary Source 10. Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. [30] Sulla was popular with the men, charming and benign, he built up a healthy rapport while also winning popularity with other officers, including Marius. "[148][149] Sulla's example proved that it could be done, therefore inspiring others to attempt it; in this respect, he has been seen as another step in the Republic's fall. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. Guide to primary sources; Ask for help; CSU Pueblo University Library Email Me. [81.4] It note also contains an account of Thracian . He was devoted to pleasure but more devoted to glory. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event.